Types of land titles in Lagos (C of O, Gazette, Excision, Governor’s Consent)

Here’s a clear breakdown of the major types of land titles in Lagos State, Nigeria, including their meanings and significance:

1️⃣ Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)

📌 What it is: An official document issued by the Lagos State Government that legally confirms a person’s right to occupy a land or property for a period (usually 99 years for residential land).
📌 Importance: It is the most recognized land title that shows ownership and protects against government acquisition or third-party claims.
📌 Use: Essential for securing loans, reselling property, or developing the land without future disputes.

2️⃣ Gazette

📌 What it is: A publication in the official government record (Gazette) stating that the government has officially excised a particular land for the original owners (often indigenous communities), meaning it’s no longer under government acquisition.
📌 Importance: It shows the land is free from government acquisition and can be processed for a C of O.
📌 Use: Buyers can apply for a C of O or Governor’s Consent to perfect the title.

3️⃣ Excision

📌 What it is: A process where the government releases a portion of land back to the indigenous owners after acquisition for public use. Once excised, the land can be documented in a Gazette.
📌 Importance: Land that has been excised is safe to purchase (if properly documented) because it is no longer under acquisition.
📌 Use: Provides the foundation to obtain further titles like C of O or Governor’s Consent.

4️⃣ Governor’s Consent

📌 What it is: A legal approval the Governor gives for the transfer of a land interest (usually after the first assignment or sale of a land that already has a C of O).
📌 Importance: Without Governor’s Consent, any subsequent buyer’s title is incomplete or defective under the Land Use Act.
📌 Use: Mandatory when a property with a C of O is sold or transferred to a new owner.

Other Relevant Land Documents

👉 Deed of Assignment/Conveyance – Shows transfer of ownership between seller and buyer.
👉 Survey Plan – Defines the exact location and size of the land.
👉 Deed of Sublease – Common in government or estate allocations.
👉 Family Receipt / Purchase Receipt – Proof of payment, but not a title on its own.

Key Takeaway

👉 In Lagos, C of O and Governor’s Consent are the highest forms of land titles.
👉 Excision and Gazette show land is free from government acquisition but require perfection (e.g., C of O).
👉 Always verify land title documents at the Lagos State Land Registry / Surveyor General’s Office before buying.

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